Yearly Archives: 2020

Por Marco A. Gandásegui, Profesor de Sociología de la Universidad de Panamá e investigador asociado del CELA. | April 27, 2020 El coronavirus ha alterado todos los parámetros sobre los cuales descansan los supuestos de la vida que conocemos. Especialmente en lo que se refiere al trabajo, al estudio o al ocio. Cada clase social tiene sus propias particularidades. Los dueños del país (uno por ciento de los panameños) siguen recibiendo informes sobre como suben y bajan sus inversiones. A la vez, presionan a los gobiernos para que aumenten sus subvenciones. Por otro lado, muchos empresarios, profesionales y afines (15 por ciento) siguen trabajando pero desde el encierro de sus casas. No tienen mucha suerte los trabajadores asalariados (35 por ciento) que perdieron sus pagos semanales o quincenales. En algunos casos – muy pocos – reciben un bono u otros pagos en especie. El 50 por ciento de los trabajadores, que son informales, se encuentran en la calle (correteados por la Policía), en cuartos hacinados o en chozas insalubres. El panorama se ve cada vez peor para ese 85 por ciento de la población que se encuentra en la ‘base de la pirámide’ social. A escala mundial, el país [...]

By Iván Sandoval-Cervantes | April 24, 2020 Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology University of Nevada, Las Vegas Although some news sources have highlighted the importance of differentiating between “physical distance” and “social distance”—emphasizing how “social distancing” might imply isolation, which is not good for mental wellbeing (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/physical-distancing-social-distancing-200330143325112.html)—while “physical distancing” still allows us to be “alone, together”. The argument is that even when you cannot take care of someone physically, you can still show that you care about someone remotely. It is, of course, perfectly understandable that experts recommend physical distancing in order to slow down the spread of COVID-19. However, for some people the physical distancing and the restrictions of movement that it entails result in the impossibility of caring, in addition to being able to take care of someone. As we rely more and more on different forms of care to stay alive, and to stay healthy, we risk redefining what forms of care are permissible in a permanent way and without taking into account how different communities continue to see care and respect in physical ways that are seen as movements of contagion. This is particularly true in cultural contexts where the expectation is that care [...]

Social Structure and Distributive Policies under the PT Governments: A Poverty-Reducing Variety of Neoliberalism By Pedro Mendes Loureiro | April 24, 2020 Brazil’s social structure and associated distributive policies during the PT governments did not depart from neoliberalism but rather implemented a poverty-reducing variant of it. Through minimum-wage hikes, conditional cash transfers, legislation driving financial innovation, and the subsidizing of privately provided for-profit services, state power was used to include individuals in ever-expanding formal circuits of commodity production and consumption. Deprivation in multiple dimensions was indeed reduced through these policies, but in the process social mobility came to mean exiting poverty, getting a formal low-skilled job, and accessing credit at lower interest rates to pay for state-subsidized private health and education. A estrutura social do Brasil e as políticas distributivas associadas a ela durante os governos do PT não se afastaram do neoliberalismo, mas sim implementaram uma variante de neoliberalismo redutora da pobreza. Por meio de aumentos do salário mínimo, transferências condicionais de renda, legislação que impulsionava a inovação financeira e o subsídio para serviços privados prestados com fins lucrativos, o poder do Estado foi usado para incluir indivíduos em crescentes circuitos formais de produção e consumo de mercadorias. [...]

By David Miranda,  Fernanda Melchionna, and Sâmia Bomfim Federal Representatives of the Socialism and Freedom Party (PSOL) in Brazil | April 23, 2020 While the national health system collapses and the new coronavirus reaches hundreds of thousands of people, Brazil is facing a struggle against more than one pandemic. The most recent and dramatic one is that of COVID-19. But the impact of the virus is exacerbated by epidemics of political authoritarianism, social inequality and violence, including gender violence, that punish the country, as an example of what occurs around the world. Under the command of what is perhaps the worst president in the world, the largest country in Latin America is experiencing a dramatic crisis that puts millions of citizens at risk. It is necessary to take into account the context in which Brazil was affected by the coronavirus. For at least five years, the country has suffered from unbridled economic plunder driven by the ultra-neoliberal adjustment agenda. Although gigantic democratic demonstrations took place in 2013, demanding more rights, the country's demoralized political class acted in a direction contrary to popular aspirations. This approach started under Dilma Rousseff (PT) and reached unimaginable levels under the coup government [...]

By Cliff Welch, São Paulo, Brazil | April 20, 2020 With the Covid-19 pandemic, most days’ news reminds me of Marx’s phrase about history repeating itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. As I regularly consume news about the United States, the tragedy plays out daily in the magnitude of the disease’s spread, the runaway death count and the ineffective, egocentric responses of President Donald Trump. In contrast, news about governors like New York’s Andrew Cuomo and California’s Gavin Newsom, stimulate hope. But, here in Brazil, hope is presented as a horizon sublimely blind to facts learned the hard way in globe’s far flung corners. President Jair Bolsonaro tells people to go back to work. He characterizes Covid-19 as a “little flu” and spectacularly defies prohibitions on social isolation and distancing. On April 19, he addressed a rally in front of the Brazilian Army headquarters in Brazil’s capital city. Defying social distancing guidelines, Bolsonaro’s supporters called on the Army to intervene by shutting down the congress and supreme court. “We don’t want to negotiate anything,” Bolsonaro told the crowd. “Count on your president…to guarantee…our freedom.” Two days earlier, he fired his health minister for advocating policies established by [...]

Labor Market and Labor Relations under the PT Governments by Ana Paula Fregnani Colombi, José Dari Krein | April 22, 2020 There is some consensus on the foreign policy of Dilma Rousseff’s government that Brazil lost prestige and international influence because of her lesser personal dedication. Against this consensus, the paper presents two alternative hypotheses for explaining its unsatisfactory outcomes: that there was no change in policy objectives but an adaptation to a more hostile context and that its limitations were structurally related to dependency on global corporations and to the increasing rejection of South-South politics by domestic business. If this analysis is correct, the structural limitations described require that the struggle to achieve an independent foreign policy involve deeper political and ideological battles and a more radical questioning of neoliberal capitalism. Abstract In its 12 years in government, Brazil’s Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers’ Party—PT) promoted inclusion through the labor market and through consumption with an increase in labor flexibility. Despite an increase in employment and incomes, the increase in the heterogeneity of the labor market and in flexibilization has resulted in a deepening of the insecurity and vulnerability of workers in line with the new trends that contemporary [...]